Which factor must be included in calculating maximum takeoff weight?

Calculating maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) is crucial for ensuring safe aircraft operations, and the weight of the aircraft itself is a fundamental factor in this calculation. MTOW is defined as the maximum weight at which the aircraft is certified to take off and includes several components.

The aircraft's empty weight, which comprises the structure, systems, and equipment of the aircraft but excludes cargo, passengers, and fuel, is a critical component in establishing MTOW. Additionally, the maximum takeoff weight must account for the weight of the passengers, cargo, and fuel that the aircraft will carry on a specific flight. Therefore, without accurately including the weight of the aircraft itself, you cannot properly evaluate the total weight during takeoff and ensure it does not exceed the allowable MTOW.

While factors such as operational range, passenger demographics, and fuel type can influence flight planning and fuel efficiency, they do not directly factor into the calculation of maximum takeoff weight itself. Understanding the weight of the aircraft provides the foundation for assessing safe takeoff limits and ensuring the aircraft operates within its certified performance parameters.